Academic Writing Vocabulary

adverb a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb, often providing information about time, manner, place, or degree

preposition a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence

• According to the latest research findings, the new drug has shown promising results in treating the disease.
• According to my mom, it's going to rain later so don't forget your umbrella.
• According to the rumor mill, they're dating now.
• According to his actions, he clearly has no intention of following through with his promises.

verb to accept or admit the existence or truth of

adjective recognized or accepted as being valid or legitimate

• The company acknowledged receipt of the complaint and is investigating the matter.
• She acknowledged that she was running late and apologized for keeping us waiting.
• He finally acknowledged that he was wrong, but it took him long enough.
• The artist's work acknowledged the influence of classical painters while still maintaining a modern style.

noun a critical or censorious remark or comment

• The scholar's animadversion on the research methodology raised important questions.
• I heard your animadversion on the new company policy during the meeting.
• I can't believe the animadversion she made about his outfit, so rude!
• Her animadversion cut through the silence like a sharp knife.

noun A writer of annals or historical records

• The annalist meticulously recorded every detail of the historical event.
• The annalist kept track of everything that happened during the war.
• The annalist was like a history nerd, always jotting down notes.
• The annalist's pen was like a time machine, capturing moments for future generations.

noun official recognition or commendation

• The committee's approbation of the proposal was a significant milestone for the research team.
• I was thrilled to receive my boss's approbation for completing the project ahead of schedule.
• Getting the approbation from my friends for my new outfit was the confidence boost I needed.
• The artist sought not just fame, but the approbation of his peers for his innovative work.

verb to assert or affirm with confidence; declare in a positive or peremptory manner

• The scientist averred that the results of the experiment were inconclusive.
• She averred that she would be able to finish the project on time.
• He averred that the party was going to be lit.
• The artist averred that his painting represented the struggle for freedom.

adverb Briefly is an adverb that describes how something is done in a short or concise manner.

• I will briefly summarize the main points of the report during the presentation.
• Let me just quickly go over the key details of the plan.
• I'll give you the lowdown on the situation real quick.
• The sun briefly peeked out from behind the clouds before disappearing again.

adverb in general; overall

conjunction used to indicate that a statement is generally true or applicable

• By and large, the company's financial performance has been quite stable over the past few years.
• By and large, I think most people enjoyed the party last night.
• By and large, the new restaurant in town is pretty dope.
• By and large, we can say that life is like a rollercoaster with its ups and downs.

adjective critical; expressing harsh or unfavorable judgments

• The critic's review was full of censorious remarks about the film's lack of depth.
• She can be quite censorious when it comes to other people's fashion choices.
• I can't stand that censorious attitude of hers, always judging everyone.
• The dark clouds seemed to take on a censorious tone as they loomed over the city.

verb to provide evidence or details to support a claim or statement

• The witness was asked to circumstantiate their claims with concrete evidence.
• Can you back up your story with some proof?
• Stop talking nonsense, show me the receipts!
• She painted a vivid picture to circumstantiate her argument.

noun an official summons to appear before a court

• The author provided a citation for each reference in the research paper.
• Make sure to include a citation for that quote in your essay.
• Dude, you forgot to add a citation for that information!
• In the court of public opinion, a citation from a reliable source can make or break an argument.

noun a citation or reference to a source of information

verb to quote or refer to (a passage, book, or author) as evidence for or justification of an argument or statement

• In academic writing, it is important to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism.
• Hey, can you cite where you got that information from?
• I didn't know where to cite that quote, so I just made it up.
• She always likes to cite her past experiences as a way to justify her actions.

noun an assertion of the truth of something, typically one that is disputed or in doubt

verb state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof

• The company made a claim against the insurance policy for the damages.
• She claims she saw a UFO last night, can you believe it?
• I call BS on his claim that he can bench press 300 pounds.
• His claim to the throne was challenged by his younger brother.

noun a group of words containing a subject and a predicate, typically forming a part of a compound or complex sentence

• The contract includes a termination clause that outlines the conditions for ending the agreement.
• Make sure you read the fine print - there might be a hidden clause in there.
• I didn't realize there was a catch in that clause of the deal.
• In life, there always seems to be a 'but' clause attached to every opportunity.

noun a word used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things

verb a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence

preposition a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause

• I would like to comment upon the recent changes in the company's policy.
• I want to say something about the new rules at work.
• I gotta give my two cents on the way things are going down.
• Let me shed some light on the situation and provide my commentary.

noun a collection or gathering of items or information

verb not applicable

adjective not applicable

adverb not applicable

pronoun not applicable

preposition not applicable

conjunction not applicable

interjection not applicable

article not applicable

• The research team spent months working on the compilation of data for the report.
• I finally finished the compilation of all my favorite songs into one playlist.
• I'm loving the compilation of memes on this website.
• His speech was like a compilation of cliches and empty promises.

verb to prove (a person or an assertion) to be wrong; to refute conclusively

• The scientist was able to confute the theory proposed by his colleague using empirical evidence.
• I confuted my friend's argument by pointing out the flaws in his logic.
• I totally confuted her claim with solid proof.
• Her unwavering confidence confuted all doubts about her abilities.

adverb as a result or effect; therefore

conjunction connecting word showing cause and effect

• The company faced a financial crisis, and consequently, had to lay off several employees.
• I forgot to set my alarm clock, consequently, I overslept and was late for work.
• I didn't study for the test, so consequently, I totally bombed it.
• She ignored the warning signs, and consequently, found herself in hot water.

noun a heated disagreement or argument

adjective pertaining to contention or causing contention

• The main contention in the debate was whether the new policy would be beneficial for the economy.
• The contention between the two friends arose when they couldn't agree on where to go for dinner.
• I can't believe there's still contention over who ate the last slice of pizza.
• The contention between the two political parties was like a fierce battle for power.

noun a claim made to rebut or oppose another claim in a legal or argumentative context

• The defendant filed a counterclaim against the plaintiff in response to the lawsuit.
• The other party made a counterclaim back at them.
• They hit back with a counterclaim of their own.
• In the game of legal battles, a counterclaim is like a strategic move on the chessboard.

noun a response or reply to a statement or argument

• The defendant's lawyer presented a strong counterstatement to the prosecution's argument.
• The other side made a good point in response to what was said.
• They clapped back with a solid counterstatement.
• Her words acted as a shield, deflecting any attacks with a well-crafted counterstatement.

verb to give someone credit for something, to believe or acknowledge that someone is responsible for a particular achievement or good quality

• The payment was credited to my account within 24 hours.
• I checked my bank account and the money was credited already.
• I was so surprised when I saw my account credited with extra cash.
• Her hard work and dedication were credited for the success of the project.

adjective expressing disapproval or criticism

• Her deprecatory remarks towards her colleagues were not well received in the professional setting.
• I don't appreciate your deprecatory comments about my cooking skills.
• Stop being so deprecatory, it's not cool.
• His deprecatory attitude towards life is holding him back from achieving his goals.

verb to diminish the worth or value of something

• The presence of grammatical errors can detract from the overall quality of a research paper.
• Having too many distractions can detract from your ability to focus on studying.
• Don't let petty gossip detract you from achieving your goals.
• Her constant negativity seemed to detract from the positive energy in the room.

adverb doubtlessly is an adverb that means without any doubt or uncertainty

• His expertise in the field is doubtlessly unmatched.
• She is doubtlessly the best singer in our group.
• That movie is doubtlessly going to be a hit.
• The beauty of nature is doubtlessly awe-inspiring.

verb to make corrections or improvements to a text

• The editor suggested several emendations to improve the clarity of the manuscript.
• I need to emend my essay before turning it in.
• I'll need to emend my resume before sending it out to potential employers.
• He tried to emend his past mistakes by making amends with those he had wronged.

noun a section or speech at the end of a book or play that serves as a conclusion or commentary

• The epilogue of the novel tied up all the loose ends and provided closure to the story.
• Did you read the epilogue of the book? It explains what happened after the main story ended.
• I always skip the epilogue, it's usually just a bunch of boring stuff that doesn't matter.
• As I reached the epilogue of my life, I reflected on all the ups and downs that had brought me to this point.

noun a list of errors or mistakes in a book or document

• The publisher issued an errata to correct the errors in the textbook.
• I found a list of errata at the back of the instruction manual.
• Hey, did you see the errata sheet for the new software update?
• Addressing your mistakes is like publishing an errata for your life.

noun a mistake or error

• The publisher issued an erratum to correct the mistake in the scientific journal.
• They had to send out an erratum because of a typo in the report.
• Whoops, looks like we need to drop an erratum for that error.
• Sometimes an erratum in life can lead to unexpected opportunities.

noun a person who writes essays, especially as a literary genre

• The essayist presented a well-researched argument in their latest publication.
• I heard that the essayist is working on a new piece about climate change.
• That essayist really knows how to write a killer essay!
• The essayist's words painted a vivid picture of the struggles faced by marginalized communities.

noun a short extract from a film, broadcast, or piece of music or writing

verb none

adjective none

adverb none

pronoun none

preposition none

conjunction none

interjection none

article none

• The professor provided an excerpt from the research paper during the lecture.
• I found a really interesting excerpt in the book I'm reading.
• Have you seen that juicy excerpt from the new novel everyone's talking about?
• The excerpt of her speech left a lasting impact on the audience.

adjective relating to or characterized by exposition; explanatory

• The expositive essay provided a thorough analysis of the historical event.
• I found the expositive presentation to be very informative.
• That expositive video really broke down the complicated topic for me.
• Her expositive storytelling painted a vivid picture of the protagonist's journey.

verb to explain in detail; to present or set forth systematically and in detail

• The professor took the opportunity to expound on the complexities of quantum physics.
• She loves to expound on her theories about aliens whenever she gets the chance.
• He's always expounding on his conspiracy theories, it's really annoying.
• The author used the character of the wise old man to expound on the deeper meaning of life.

noun a noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. In this case, 'first draft' is a noun phrase that refers to the initial version of a written work.

adjective an adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun. In this case, 'first' is an adjective as it describes the type of draft being referenced.

• The author submitted the first draft of the manuscript to the publisher for review.
• I just finished my first draft of the essay, it's not perfect but it's a start.
• I banged out the first draft of my story in one sitting, it's a real rough draft though.
• Creating the first draft of a painting is like laying down the foundation of a building, it sets the tone for the rest of the work.

noun something that has been mentioned or written before

adjective referring to something previously mentioned or occurring before

• In light of the foregoing evidence, we can conclude that the defendant is guilty.
• Based on the foregoing, it seems like we're all in agreement.
• So, after all that foregoing talk, what's the final decision?
• The artist painted the foreground with vibrant colors, contrasting with the foregoing background.

noun the condition or quality of being formal; adherence to prescribed forms or customs

adjective formal

• The formality of the event required guests to wear black-tie attire.
• We don't need to worry about all the formality, just come as you are.
• Let's skip all the formality and just hang out like old times.
• The formality of the situation made it difficult for them to communicate openly.

verb to make formal or official

• The company decided to formalize their partnership with a written agreement.
• Let's make it official and put it in writing.
• Let's make it legit.
• They wanted to solidify their relationship by formalizing it.

adjective relevant or appropriate to a particular subject or situation

• It is important to stay focused on the task at hand and only discuss information that is germane to the topic.
• Let's stick to the point and only talk about things that are relevant.
• Don't go off on a tangent, keep it germane to what we're talking about.
• In order to solve the puzzle, you must only consider clues that are germane to finding the solution.

noun the action or practice of making fine distinctions unnecessarily

adjective characterized by excessive attention to minor details

• The lawyer's hairsplitting arguments in court helped secure a favorable outcome for his client.
• Stop with the hairsplitting and just tell me what you want for dinner.
• I can't stand all this hairsplitting over such a small detail.
• His hairsplitting approach to problem-solving often leads to unnecessary complications.

verb A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. 'Has been' is a verb phrase that indicates a past action or state of being.

adverb An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. In the phrase 'has been,' 'been' functions as an adverb that modifies the verb 'has.'

• The decision to implement the new policy has been approved by the board of directors.
• The movie has been sold out for weeks, so we'll have to watch something else.
• Her outfit has been on point lately, she's really stepping up her fashion game.
• The project has been a rollercoaster ride of ups and downs, but we're finally seeing some progress.

adverb in or at this place or position; with this document or communication

pronoun used to indicate something that is attached to or being associated with

preposition used to introduce a document or communication

• I am sending the report herewith for your review.
• Here is the report for you to check out.
• Check out the report I'm sending your way.
• Attached herewith is the key to unlocking your success.

noun a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea

adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb and typically answers the questions how, when, where, or to what extent

preposition a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence

• Please make sure to submit your request in writing for proper documentation.
• Hey, can you send me that information in writing so I have it for reference?
• I'll believe it when I see it in writing.
• Her emotions were clearly expressed in writing through her poetry.

adjective not apt or pertinent; unsuitable or inappropriate

• The use of that example was inapposite to the topic being discussed.
• Bringing up that point was totally inapposite to what we were talking about.
• Dude, that was so off-topic, it was inapposite.
• His attempt at humor was inapposite, like a square peg in a round hole.

verb a word that expresses an action or state of being

preposition a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence

• There are many different types of fruits available, including apples, oranges, and bananas.
• I invited all my friends to the party, including Sarah and John.
• I love trying new foods, including sushi and tacos.
• She has a wide range of interests, including art, music, and literature.

noun a slight indication or suggestion

• She had no inkling of the company's financial troubles until it was too late.
• I didn't have an inkling that they were planning a surprise party for me.
• I had a sneaky inkling that he was up to something fishy.
• The first drops of rain were just an inkling of the storm that was about to come.

verb to insert or introduce between parts, especially in a conversation or writing

• The author chose to interlard the text with quotes from famous philosophers.
• She likes to interlard her speech with random facts she learned online.
• I always interlard my Instagram captions with emojis.
• The artist interlarded the painting with hidden symbols and meanings.

verb to emphasize or draw attention to something by using italics

adjective describing something that has been formatted in italics

• In academic writing, titles of books are often italicized to indicate emphasis.
• She always italicized important points in her notes to make them stand out.
• I italicized the juicy gossip in our group chat so everyone would notice it.
• The author italicized the protagonist's inner thoughts to give readers insight into their emotions.

noun a word that functions as the name of a specific person, place, thing, or idea

verb a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being

preposition a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence

• The evidence will lay before the court during the trial.
• I saw the options lay before me and had to make a decision.
• All the facts were laid before us and we had to figure out what to do.
• The path to success will lay before you once you make the right choices.

noun a practical or realistic attitude or approach

adjective relating to or characteristic of facts or reality; not fanciful or imaginative

adverb in a straightforward or unemotional manner

• She spoke in a matter-of-fact tone during the business meeting.
• He was very matter-of-fact about the whole situation.
• I like how she's so matter-of-fact about everything.
• His matter-of-fact attitude cut through the confusion like a sharp knife.

noun a written message in business or diplomacy

verb none

adjective none

adverb none

pronoun none

preposition none

conjunction none

interjection none

article none

• The CEO sent out a memo to all employees regarding the new company policy.
• Hey, did you see the memo about the office party next week?
• I totally forgot about the memo for the meeting, oops!
• Her actions were like a memo to the rest of the team, showing them how to handle difficult situations with grace.

verb to quote incorrectly or inaccurately

• The journalist misquoted the CEO in the article, causing confusion among readers.
• I think the newspaper misquoted you in that interview.
• Don't worry, the tabloids always misquote celebrities to create drama.
• His actions misquoted his true intentions, leading to misunderstandings.

adverb used to introduce a further point or to emphasize or expand on a previous point

• Moreover, the study found that there was a significant correlation between the two variables.
• I heard that Sarah got the promotion. Moreover, she also got a raise!
• I don't want to go to the party. Moreover, it's going to be boring anyway.
• The painting was beautiful, and moreover, it seemed to capture the essence of the artist's emotions.

adverb Mostly is an adverb that describes the manner or degree of an action. It indicates that something is done to a great extent or in the majority of cases.

• The research findings were mostly inconclusive.
• I mostly prefer tea over coffee.
• I'm mostly down for whatever.
• Her heart was mostly full of love and kindness.

noun a small metal spike with a broadened flat head, driven typically into wood with a hammer to join things together or to serve as a peg or hook

verb to secure or finalize something, typically after much discussion or effort

• It is important to nail down all the details before finalizing the contract.
• Let's nail down the time for our meeting tomorrow.
• I need to nail down my plans for the weekend.
• She finally managed to nail down the elusive concept after hours of studying.

adverb Namely is an adverb that is used to introduce specific examples or details within a larger category or list.

preposition Namely is also considered a preposition when used to introduce specific examples or details within a larger category or list.

• There are several factors to consider, namely the budget and the timeline.
• We have a few options for dinner tonight, namely pizza or Chinese takeout.
• I'm only interested in two things, namely Netflix and snacks.
• She had many talents, namely singing and painting.

noun a word or phrase for the subject of a verb in a sentence

adjective relating to or denoting a case of nouns in some inflected languages that is used for the subject of a verb

• In nominative case, the subject of a sentence is typically in the form of a noun or pronoun.
• I think the nominative case is when the subject comes first in a sentence.
• Nominative is like when the sentence is all about the who or what.
• Being in the nominative case is like being in the spotlight of a sentence.

noun a nonrestrictive clause or phrase

adjective describing a clause or phrase that provides additional information but is not essential to the meaning of the sentence

• The nonrestrictive clause in the contract allows for flexibility in the terms.
• The extra information in the sentence, which is nonrestrictive, provides more context.
• The clause that doesn't hold you back in the contract is the nonrestrictive one.
• Just like a nonrestrictive gate, the clause in the agreement allows for freedom of movement.

noun the beginning or start of something

adjective relating to the start or beginning

• From the very outset of the project, we knew it would be challenging.
• Right from the outset, we could tell this was going to be a tough one.
• We were in trouble from the get-go of this project.
• The storm clouds on the horizon were the outset of a difficult journey ahead.

noun a material made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood, rags, or certain grasses, processed into flexible sheets or rolls used for writing or printing on

verb to cover or wrap with paper

adjective related to or made of paper

• The research paper was well-written and thoroughly researched.
• Can you pass me that piece of paper over there?
• I need to jot down some notes on this scrap of paper.
• His argument was as flimsy as tissue paper.

noun newspapers or magazines

• The legal papers have been filed with the court.
• I need to grab my papers before we leave.
• I aced that test without even studying the papers.
• His promotion was just a piece of paper, he was still unhappy in his job.

noun a comment or explanation that is inserted into a text or conversation as a parenthesis

adjective relating to or inserted as a parenthesis

• The author included a parenthetical remark in the middle of the paragraph to provide additional information.
• I added a parenthetical note at the end of the email for clarification.
• She always sneaks in a parenthetical comment during our conversations.
• His words were like a parenthetical aside, adding depth to the conversation.

adverb used to emphasize that something is being considered on its own merits, without reference to anything else

• The study did not focus on the specific details of the case per se, but rather on the overall trends in data analysis.
• I don't have a problem with spicy food per se, but this dish is just too hot for me.
• I'm not a fan of horror movies per se, but I do enjoy a good thriller every now and then.
• The book wasn't about love per se, but more about the human experience and emotions that come with it.

noun the quality of being relevant or applicable to a particular matter

• The pertinence of the evidence presented in court was crucial to the outcome of the trial.
• I don't see the pertinence of bringing up that topic in this conversation.
• I'm not sure what the pertinence of that meme is, but it made me laugh.
• The pertinence of her advice was like a guiding light in a dark tunnel.

adjective Pesky is an adjective that describes something annoying or troublesome.

• The pesky issue of funding still remains unresolved.
• Those pesky mosquitoes are driving me crazy!
• I can't stand those pesky little critters.
• The pesky thoughts in my mind won't seem to go away.

noun a remark or statement, especially one with a moral content, that has been used too often to be interesting or thoughtful

noun excessive self-esteem or exaggerated dignity; pretentiousness

• The speaker's pomposity was evident in the way he delivered his speech.
• His pomposity is getting on everyone's nerves.
• That guy's pomposity is off the charts.
• The pomposity of the old mansion gave it an air of grandeur.

noun an introductory statement; preface; introduction

adjective relating to or constituting a preamble

• The preamble of the Constitution outlines the goals and principles of the document.
• Before we get started, let me give you a quick preamble about the project.
• Let me just give you a heads up before we dive in, here's the preamble.
• The preamble to the novel sets the tone for the entire story.

adjective describing or referring to something that comes before or is in front of something else

• The analysis of the data from the preceding year showed a significant increase in sales.
• I can't believe you missed the movie that was on right before the one we watched. It was the preceding film.
• I heard the party at Sarah's house was lit, but I couldn't make it because of the preceding engagement I had.
• The artist carefully studied the strokes in the painting preceding his, trying to learn from the master's technique.

noun a person who is excessively bold or confident

adjective showing excessive confidence or boldness; taking liberties

• It would be presumptuous of me to assume I know all the details without proper research.
• Don't be so presumptuous to think you can just show up without RSVPing.
• Who does he think he is, being so presumptuous about his chances of winning?
• Her presumptuous attitude towards authority figures often gets her into trouble.

noun a legal term that refers to evidence that is sufficient to establish a fact or raise a presumption of fact unless rebutted

adjective used to describe evidence or arguments that are sufficient on their face and do not require further proof

• The evidence presented is prima facie and suggests the defendant's guilt.
• At first glance, it seems like the defendant is guilty based on the evidence.
• Looks like the defendant is in trouble, judging by the evidence.
• The surface-level evidence paints a clear picture of the defendant's involvement.

verb to put forward or offer for consideration

• The philosopher propounded a new theory on ethics during the academic conference.
• She likes to propound her ideas during casual conversations with friends.
• I heard him propound some crazy conspiracy theories at the bar last night.
• The artist propounded a bold new style of painting that challenged traditional norms.

noun A person or company that prepares and issues books, journals, or other works for sale or distribution.

• The publisher of the academic journal rejected the research paper.
• The publisher decided not to publish the book.
• The publisher passed on the manuscript.
• The publisher held the power to distribute the author's work.

noun the meaning or main point of something, typically a document or speech

verb to appear or claim to be or do something, especially falsely

• The document purports to outline the company's financial projections for the next year.
• I heard a rumor that the new policy purports to limit vacation days.
• I don't believe what he purports about his past experiences.
• Her actions purport a hidden agenda that we need to uncover.

noun a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker

adjective relating to or characteristic of a quotation

• The professor emphasized the importance of citing sources by always including a quotation in your research paper.
• Make sure to put quotation marks around the lyrics when you write them in your notebook.
• I always like to throw in a cool movie quotation when I'm chatting with my friends.
• Her actions were a direct quotation of her mother's behavior, showing just how much influence she had.

noun a suggestion or proposal as to the best course of action

adjective used to describe something that is recommended or suggested

• I highly value your recommendation for the new marketing strategy.
• Thanks for the recommendation, I'll definitely check it out.
• Your recommendation totally rocks, I'm impressed!
• Her recommendation was like a guiding light in the darkness of indecision.

verb to think about again, especially in order to change a decision or opinion

• I urge you to reconsider your decision before finalizing the contract.
• Hey, maybe you should reconsider going out with him.
• Dude, you seriously need to reconsider your priorities.
• Sometimes it's good to reconsider the path you're on and make a change for the better.

adjective able to be referred to or considered

• The doctor determined that the patient's symptoms were referable to a specific underlying medical condition.
• The mechanic said the strange noise coming from the car was referable to a loose belt.
• I think the teacher's frustration is referable to the fact that no one did the homework.
• The success of the project was referable to the team's hard work and dedication.

noun a mention or reference to someone or something

verb to mention or allude to someone or something in speech or writing

• When writing a research paper, it is important to refer to credible sources.
• If you need help with that assignment, refer to the textbook for guidance.
• Hey, if you're lost, just refer to the cheat sheet I made.
• In times of uncertainty, people often refer to their inner voice for guidance.

noun a book or passage referred to for information

verb mention or allude to

• Please provide a reference for the information you have shared.
• Can you point me to a reference for that fact?
• Got any references to back that up?
• In this debate, historical references serve as our guiding light.

verb to prove a statement or theory to be wrong or false

• The scientist presented evidence to refute the theory proposed by his colleague.
• I tried to refute his argument, but he wouldn't listen to reason.
• I totally shut down his point with facts to refute it.
• She used her success to refute the doubters and prove them wrong.

verb to prove a statement or theory to be wrong or false by argument or evidence

• The scientist presented a well-researched paper refuting the previous theory.
• She spent hours refuting his arguments during the debate.
• I totally shut him down by refuting his claims with evidence.
• Her success in the competition was like refuting all doubts and obstacles in her path.

preposition a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause

• I am writing to inquire regarding the status of my application.
• I wanted to ask you about the details regarding the party next week.
• Can you fill me in on what's up regarding the new project?
• The artist's painting left many questions regarding its meaning.

noun a scholarly article or essay that requires extensive research and analysis

• The research paper presented at the conference was well-received by the academic community.
• I finally finished my research paper last night after pulling an all-nighter.
• I totally BS-ed my way through that research paper and still got an A.
• Writing a research paper is like putting together a puzzle with words.

• The board will conduct a thorough review of the company's financial statements.
• I need to write a review for that new restaurant I tried last week.
• I heard the new movie got a terrible review from critics.
• Before making a decision, it's important to review all the facts and figures.

noun a rough or preliminary sketch of a design or plan

• Before submitting your final report, make sure to review and revise your rough draft.
• Hey, can you take a look at my rough draft and give me some feedback?
• I just whipped up a rough draft real quick, wanna check it out?
• Life is like a rough draft, you have to keep editing and improving until it's perfect.

noun an act of saving or rescuing; preservation or protection from harm, danger, or loss

verb to rescue or preserve from harm, danger, or loss

• It is important to save money for future emergencies.
• I'm trying to save up for a new car.
• I need to save some cash before we go out.
• She tried to save the relationship, but it was too late.

adjective relating to or characteristic of scholarship, learning, or academic achievement; showing academic knowledge or learning

• The scholarly paper was published in a prestigious academic journal.
• She's always reading scholarly articles to expand her knowledge.
• I'm not into all that scholarly stuff, I prefer more casual reading.
• His writing style is so scholarly, it's like reading a work of art.

noun A note added to a mathematical or philosophical work as an explanation or commentary

• In his research paper, the scholar included a scholium to provide additional clarification on his findings.
• I added a little scholium at the end of my essay to explain my point further.
• I threw in a scholium at the end of my presentation to make sure everyone understood.
• The scholium at the end of the book served as a guiding light for readers to interpret the deeper meaning of the text.

verb to make or become shorter in length or duration

• The meeting was shortened due to unforeseen circumstances.
• I shortened my hair for a new look.
• I'm gonna shorten my to-do list by skipping some tasks.
• His temper was shortened after a long day at work.

noun a word that functions as the name of a specific person, place, thing, or idea

preposition a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence

• The Latin phrase 'sic' is often used in academic writing to indicate that a quoted passage is reproduced verbatim, errors and all.
• I saw a sign that said 'Open 24/7 sic on Sundays' - I think they meant 'except on Sundays.'
• He wrote 'I'm sic on this new song' to show his excitement and enthusiasm for the music.
• The artist's use of bold colors and abstract shapes in the painting was 'sic on' traditional art styles.

adverb used in brackets after a copied or quoted word that appears odd or erroneous to show that the word is quoted exactly as it stands in the original, as in a story must hold a child's interest and “enrich his [sic] life.”

• The Latin term 'sic' is used to indicate that a mistake or unusual feature in a quoted text is reproduced as it appeared in the original source.
• I saw a sign that said 'Open 24/7 sic' outside the convenience store.
• She was like 'I'm sic of this drama, I'm out.'
• His dedication to his work was so strong, it was like he had a 'sic' sense of duty.

verb to clearly and precisely indicate or define something

• Please specify the exact measurements needed for the project.
• Can you specify which movie you want to watch tonight?
• Just specify your favorite toppings for the pizza.
• She couldn't specify the source of her anxiety, it was just a feeling she couldn't shake.

verb to add or attach something extra to something else

• I would like to subjoin additional evidence to support my argument.
• Can I add something else to that? I want to subjoin more information.
• I'm gonna tack on some more stuff to that. Gotta subjoin some more.
• Just like how chapters subjoin to make a complete book, let's add more details to make our project complete.

noun the action of presenting a proposal, application, or other document for review or judgment

• The deadline for submission of the research paper is next Friday.
• Hey, don't forget to submit your submission by Friday!
• Make sure you get your submission in by the deadline, okay?
• The artist's submission to the gallery was a masterpiece of creativity.

verb to present for consideration or approval; to yield to the authority or will of another

• Please submit your application before the deadline.
• Make sure to submit your homework on time.
• Don't forget to submit your entry for the contest!
• Sometimes we have to submit to the will of others in order to maintain peace.

verb to provide evidence or proof to support or prove the truth of something

• The claims made by the researcher were substantiated by multiple sources of data.
• She was able to prove her point with solid evidence.
• He totally backed up his story with receipts.
• Her argument was built on a solid foundation of facts and evidence.

noun a brief summary or general survey of something

• The synopsis of the book provided a concise summary of the plot.
• I'll give you a quick synopsis of the movie before we watch it.
• Can you give me the lowdown on the show? I need a synopsis.
• Her outfit was like a synopsis of her personality - bold and vibrant.

noun a list of the chapters or sections of a book or document, usually found at the beginning

preposition used before 'contents' to indicate that it is a table of the contents

• The table of contents provides a detailed outline of the chapters in the book.
• Check out the table of contents to see what's covered in this book.
• Yo, peep the table of contents to see what's up next.
• The table of contents is like a roadmap for navigating through the book.

noun a detail or point that is often considered to be of minor importance or technical significance

• The case was dismissed on a technicality due to a procedural error.
• He got off on a technicality because the evidence was mishandled.
• She managed to avoid jail time on a technicality.
• He always finds a way to win arguments by focusing on the technicalities.

noun The term paper is a major component of the grade in many courses.

• The student spent weeks researching and writing their term paper for the history class.
• I stayed up all night working on my term paper for English.
• I totally procrastinated on my term paper and had to pull an all-nighter to finish it.
• Writing a term paper is like embarking on a scholarly journey through a specific topic.

noun a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved

adjective relating to or involving a thesis

• The thesis of the research paper focused on the impact of climate change on biodiversity.
• I finally finished my thesis on the history of jazz music.
• I aced my thesis presentation on artificial intelligence.
• His actions spoke louder than any thesis he could have written.

conjunction used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously

• Although he had studied hard, he did not perform well in the exam.
• I know you're tired, but we should go to the party though.
• I really want to go out tonight, but I'm broke though.
• She seemed happy, though her eyes told a different story.

noun a word or phrase that names a person, place, thing, or idea

• The title page of the report should include the project title, author's name, and date.
• Make sure the title page looks neat and organized before submitting your assignment.
• Don't forget to jazz up the title page with some cool fonts and designs.
• The title page is like the cover of a book, it sets the tone for what's inside.

noun a word or phrase that names a person, place, thing, or idea

verb not applicable

adjective not applicable

adverb not applicable

pronoun not applicable

preposition not applicable

conjunction not applicable

interjection not applicable

article not applicable

• The title of the book accurately reflects the main theme of the story.
• Did you see the title of the new movie that just came out?
• I can't believe they gave him the title of 'Employee of the Month' again.
• She held the title of 'Queen Bee' in high school, always surrounded by friends.

verb The word 'titled' is a past tense verb that means to give a title or name to something.

• The book is titled 'The Art of War' and has been widely acclaimed for its strategic insights.
• I just finished watching a movie titled 'The Avengers' and it was so good!
• Have you heard the new song titled 'Savage Love'? It's been stuck in my head all day.
• The painting, titled 'Dreams of Tomorrow', captures the essence of hope and imagination.

adjective describing the quality of being concise and direct

preposition indicating the direction or location of something

article a word that specifies a noun

• The presentation was concise and to the point, covering all the key aspects of the project.
• Just tell me what happened, get to the point!
• Don't beat around the bush, just get to the point.
• Her writing style is very direct and to the point, leaving no room for ambiguity.

noun a large, heavy book, especially one dealing with a serious or scholarly topic

• The professor assigned a hefty tome for us to read over the break.
• I borrowed a massive tome from the library for some light reading.
• Dude, check out this epic tome I found at the bookstore.
• Her life story could fill a tome with all its twists and turns.

adjective not able to persuade or convince; lacking in credibility or persuasiveness

• The evidence presented by the defense was unconvincing to the jury.
• I found his excuse for being late very unconvincing.
• Her story about why she couldn't come to the party was totally unconvincing.
• The actor's performance in the play was unconvincing, lacking the emotion needed to truly captivate the audience.

noun a line drawn under a word or phrase for emphasis

verb to draw a line under something to give emphasis or highlight

• It is important to underline key points in your presentation to emphasize their significance.
• Make sure to underline the due date on the assignment sheet so you don't forget.
• I always underline the juicy gossip in my magazines.
• The artist used different colors to underline the emotions in his painting.

adjective An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. 'Undoubted' is an adjective because it describes something that is certain or unquestionable.

• The undoubted success of the project was evident in the final results.
• There's undoubted talent in that band, they always put on a great show.
• She's undoubted the coolest girl in school, everyone wants to be her friend.
• The undoubted weight of responsibility on his shoulders was visible in his tired eyes.

adjective not open to objection or criticism; entirely acceptable or satisfactory

• The candidate's qualifications were unexceptionable, making her the ideal choice for the position.
• His behavior at the party was unexceptionable; he was polite and respectful to everyone.
• I gotta say, your taste in music is unexceptionable.
• The artist's attention to detail in her paintings is unexceptionable, capturing every nuance of emotion.

adverb from what place or source

pronoun from which place or source

• The origin of the custom can be traced back to a time whence our ancestors practiced it.
• I remember the old house, whence we used to spend our summers as kids.
• I found this cool vintage jacket at the thrift store, whence I got it for a steal.
• His actions were guided by a moral compass whence he always made the right choices.

verb to describe inaccurately or falsely

• It is important not to misdescribe the data in your research paper.
• Don't misdescribe what happened at the party, just tell the truth.
• I can't believe you misdescribed the situation to your boss!
• Her painting beautifully misdescribes the chaos of the city streets.

noun a small container or case, especially one containing medicine

• The magazine published a capsule review of the latest art exhibition.
• I just read a quick capsule review of that new movie online.
• I skimmed through a short and sweet capsule review of the concert.
• His speech was like a capsule review of his entire political platform.

noun the body of literature dealing with historical matters; histories collectively

• Historiography is the study of how history has been written and interpreted over time.
• I find historiography fascinating because it shows how historical events can be viewed in different ways.
• I never realized how much goes into historiography until I took that history class.
• Just like a painting, historiography can have different layers of interpretation depending on who is looking at it.

verb to argue against or refute a previous argument

• It is important to anticipate and counterargue potential objections in your research paper.
• When you're discussing politics with your friends, make sure to counterargue any points you disagree with.
• I always have to come up with a way to counterargue my sister's excuses.
• In a debate, it's like a game of chess - you have to strategically counterargue your opponent's moves.

noun a statement or argument made in opposition to another

adjective pertaining to or involving a counterargument

• It is important to consider the counterargument in order to present a well-rounded argument.
• Hey, have you thought about the counterargument to your point?
• Dude, what about the counterargument though?
• Just like a chess player must anticipate their opponent's moves, a debater must anticipate the counterargument.

noun a Latin phrase meaning 'with necessary changes being made'

adverb used to indicate that a statement should be interpreted with the necessary changes being made

• The terms of the agreement can be applied mutatis mutandis to the new contract.
• We can use the same rules for the game night, mutatis mutandis.
• Let's just copy and paste the email, mutatis mutandis.
• He approached the problem with a mutatis mutandis mindset, adapting as needed.

adjective adjective describes a noun or pronoun. 'Sequacious' means lacking independence or originality, being excessively obedient or submissive.

• The sequacious nature of the research assistant made them a valuable asset to the team.
• She's so sequacious, always following whatever trend is popular at the moment.
• Don't be so sequacious, think for yourself and make your own decisions.
• His sequacious mindset led him down a path of conformity rather than individuality.

noun a person who submits something

• The submittee must adhere to all guidelines outlined in the submission instructions.
• Make sure the submittee follows the rules or their submission may be rejected.
• If the submittee doesn't play by the rules, they're out of luck.
• The submittee is like a player in a game, following the rules to win.

noun a long or elaborate essay or discussion on a particular subject

• The scholar presented a detailed disquisition on the history of ancient civilizations.
• I couldn't follow his disquisition on quantum physics, it was too complex.
• I zoned out during her disquisition about makeup trends, I'm not really into that stuff.
• His disquisition on love was so poetic, it felt like he was painting a picture with words.

adverb to the full or in full extent; at full length

preposition in full; completely; entirely

• The court decision was published in extenso in the legal journal.
• The whole court decision was printed in the legal journal.
• They printed the whole shebang in the legal journal.
• The details were laid out in extenso for all to see.

adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb to indicate the minimum level or extent required or expected

preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence, indicating the minimum level or amount

• It is recommended to arrive at the meeting at a minimum of five minutes early.
• You should aim to have at least $20 at a minimum for the concert tickets.
• You gotta have at least some snacks at a minimum for the road trip.
• To succeed in this project, you need to have determination at a minimum.

verb to examine or study carefully

adverb in a thorough or detailed manner

preposition to look at or go through something again

• Before signing the contract, make sure to carefully read over all the terms and conditions.
• Hey, can you read over this email before I send it out?
• I'll just quickly read over this before we head out.
• Sometimes it's good to take a step back and read over your life choices before making big decisions.

adjective relating to or characteristic of exposition; serving to expound, set forth, or explain

• The expository essay provided a detailed analysis of the historical events.
• I found the expository presentation very informative and easy to understand.
• The expository stuff we learned in class was actually pretty cool.
• Her expository storytelling painted a vivid picture of the past.

noun a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea

• The professor used a piquote from a famous philosopher to begin his lecture.
• I always love when she drops a piquote in our conversations.
• That piquote she shared was fire!
• His words were like a piquote that pierced through my heart.

noun a period of time dating from the traditional birth of Jesus, now used as an alternative to AD

• The Common Era, also known as the Christian Era, is the period of time that starts with the year 1 AD.
• We use the term Common Era to refer to the time period after the birth of Jesus.
• CE is short for Common Era and is commonly used in academic and historical circles.
• In the Common Era, many significant events have shaped the course of human history.

noun a word or phrase that comes after a noun to provide additional information about it

adjective relating to or occurring after a noun

• In academic writing, it is common to use postnominal letters to indicate someone's qualifications.
• She always adds a bunch of postnominal letters after her name on social media.
• I don't know what all those postnominal things mean, but they sound fancy.
• His postnominal titles were like a shield, protecting him from any doubts about his expertise.

noun a piece of writing that is done for a fee according to the customer's specifications

• Many students opt to hire a professional writer to create a custom essay for their academic assignments.
• Hey, have you ever thought about getting someone to write a custom essay for you?
• I heard you can pay someone to whip up a custom essay for you.
• Writing a custom essay is like crafting a unique piece of art tailored to your specific requirements.

adjective describing or referring to something previously mentioned or stated

• The abovementioned issues will be addressed in the upcoming meeting.
• We will discuss the abovementioned topics during our next catch-up.
• Let's talk about the stuff I mentioned earlier.
• The abovementioned hurdles are like mountains we need to climb over.

noun a shortened or condensed version of a written work

• The abridgement of the novel made it easier to read for students.
• The shortened version of the book was much better.
• I found the abridged version of the story way more interesting.
• The abridgement of the play captured the essence of the original production.

noun the process of making something more academic or scholarly in nature

• The academicization of the field has led to increased research and publication output.
• The academicization of this subject has made it more complex than it needs to be.
• Stop with all the academicization, let's just keep it simple.
• The academicization of her speech made it difficult for the average person to understand.

verb to make something more academic or scholarly in nature

• The professor encouraged the students to academicize their arguments by providing evidence and logical reasoning.
• I need to academicize my paper before submitting it for grading.
• Stop trying to academicize everything, sometimes it's okay to just speak from the heart.
• She tried to academicize her personal experiences in order to make them more relatable to a wider audience.

verb to summon or cite someone to appear in court or to attend a hearing

• The lawyer accited several witnesses to testify in court.
• I accited my friends to join me at the concert.
• She accited her crew to come over for a party.
• The leader accited the team to strive for excellence in their work.

noun the act of addressing or the manner in which something is addressed

• The addressal of this issue requires a comprehensive strategy.
• We need to talk about how we're going to handle this addressal.
• Let's get together and figure out how we're going to deal with this addressal.
• The addressal of this problem is like untangling a knot.

verb to cite as evidence or proof in an argument or discussion

• The lawyer will adduce evidence to support her argument in court.
• She will adduce examples from the study to prove her point.
• He's always trying to adduce some excuse for being late.
• You can adduce the success of the project as proof of your leadership skills.

adjective Capable of being brought forward as evidence or proof.

• The evidence presented in court was deemed adduceable by the judge.
• The teacher said that the sources we used for our project were adduceable.
• I don't think that gossip is adduceable in this situation.
• Her arguments were so well-researched and supported that they were adduceable in any debate.

noun a supporting or auxiliary piece of evidence or information

adjective providing support or assistance

• The adminicle of evidence presented in court helped strengthen the prosecution's case.
• The adminicle of information I found online confirmed my suspicions.
• I don't need any adminicles to know that he's lying.
• Her kindness was an adminicle in navigating through the difficulties of life.

noun a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea

preposition a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence

• The theory admits of multiple interpretations based on the evidence presented.
• The recipe admits of a few substitutions if you don't have all the ingredients.
• His excuse admits of no further discussion, it's just plain ridiculous.
• The artwork admits of various emotional responses from viewers.

noun a Latin phrase meaning 'to the word'

adverb modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb, indicating manner, time, place, or degree

• The lawyer insisted on quoting the contract ad verbum during the court proceedings.
• He copied the instructions ad verbum to make sure he didn't miss any steps.
• She repeated the lyrics ad verbum because she loved the song so much.
• The artist recreated the painting ad verbum, paying attention to every detail.

noun a collection of notes or jottings on a particular subject, especially literary, historical, or scientific

adjective relating to or characteristic of adversaria

• The scholar meticulously documented her research findings in her adversaria.
• I keep all my notes and random thoughts in my adversaria notebook.
• I scribbled down some quick notes in my adversaria.
• Her mind was like an adversaria, filled with random thoughts and ideas.

noun a note or comment added after something has been completed or finished

• The author included an afternote at the end of the book to provide additional context for the readers.
• I always skip the afternote in books, I just want to get to the story.
• I never bother with the afternote, it's usually just extra stuff I don't care about.
• The afternote of the meeting was a heated argument between the two colleagues.

noun a concluding section in a book, typically written by the author and providing additional information or commentary

• The author included an afterword in the book to provide additional context for the readers.
• Did you read the afterword at the end of the book? It was really interesting.
• I usually skip the afterword in books, but this one was actually worth reading.
• In life, the afterword is often where we find the most important lessons and reflections.