Law Enforcement Vocabulary

noun a written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court

• The defendant submitted an affidavit as evidence in court.
• I had to sign an affidavit to confirm my identity.
• They made me swear on an affidavit that I didn't do it.
• Her actions were like signing an affidavit of her commitment to the cause.

adjective describing a person or thing that is equipped with weapons or armor

• The police apprehended the armed suspect without incident.
• I heard there was an armed robbery down the street last night.
• Yo, did you see that dude with the armed tattoo on his arm?
• Her words were like armed missiles, ready to strike at any moment.

adjective describing something that is protected or covered with armor

• The army deployed heavily armored vehicles to protect the troops.
• I saw a cool armored truck on the highway today.
• That guy's car is totally armored up with all those modifications.
• She kept her emotions armored, not letting anyone see how she truly felt.

noun weapons and ammunition; armaments

verb to supply or equip with weapons

• The soldier stood at attention with his arms by his sides.
• I like to stretch my arms out when I wake up in the morning.
• She gave him a big bear hug and wrapped her arms around him.
• The company extended its arms to help those affected by the natural disaster.

noun A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. In this case, 'at large' can also function as a noun phrase, referring to a state of being or a specific location.

adjective An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. 'Large' is an adjective in this phrase, describing the size or scope of something.

adverb An adverb modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. In this case, 'at large' functions as an adverb to describe the location or status of something.

preposition A preposition shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence. 'At' is a preposition in this context, indicating a specific location or condition.

• The suspect is still at large and considered dangerous.
• The criminal is still out there somewhere.
• The bad guy is still on the loose.
• The idea of freedom is still at large in their minds.

noun a barrier that is typically made of wood or metal and used to block passage or protect an area

verb to block or defend with a barricade

• The police erected a barricade to control the crowd during the protest.
• They put up a barricade to block off the road for construction.
• We had to bust through the barricade to get to the concert on time.
• Emotional barriers can act as a barricade to forming meaningful relationships.

noun a count or total number of casualties, deaths, or injuries in a particular event or situation

• The authorities are still trying to determine the exact body count from the natural disaster.
• I heard that the body count from the accident was higher than initially reported.
• The gang's body count keeps rising as they continue their violent activities.
• The company's layoffs have resulted in a high body count of employees losing their jobs.

verb to introduce or bring something or someone into a place or situation

• The company plans to bring in a new team of consultants to improve efficiency.
• Let's bring in some snacks for the meeting tomorrow.
• I heard they're gonna bring in a DJ for the party this weekend.
• The new CEO aims to bring in a fresh perspective to the company's direction.

noun A young trainee in a particular profession or activity

• The cadet completed his training at the military academy with flying colors.
• Hey, did you hear about the new cadet joining our squad?
• That cadet is a total rockstar on the field!
• She was a cadet in the school of hard knocks, learning valuable lessons along the way.

noun a person not in the armed services or the police force

adjective relating to civilians or civil life

• The government is taking measures to protect civilian populations during times of conflict.
• The civilian population was asked to evacuate the area due to the approaching storm.
• I heard that the civilians are throwing a party next door tonight.
• In the world of business, customers are often referred to as civilians.

verb to officially take possession or control of something, especially for military purposes

• The military officer decided to commandeer the vehicle for official use.
• The police officer just commandeered that car for their own use.
• I'm going to commandeer my brother's laptop for the weekend.
• The toddler seemed to commandeer the entire room with their loud presence.

verb to hide or keep something secret

adjective kept hidden or out of sight

• The spy had a concealed weapon hidden in his jacket.
• She always keeps her feelings concealed from others.
• The thief had a concealed stash of stolen goods in his hideout.
• His true intentions were concealed behind a mask of friendliness.

noun a band or strip of material worn around the wrist for decoration or to fasten clothing

verb to strike someone with an open hand, especially on the head or ear

• The police officer placed the suspect in handcuffs and then secured a cuff around his ankle.
• I accidentally ripped the cuff of my shirt while trying to fix it.
• She's always wearing those cute cuff bracelets, they look so cool.
• The company was accused of trying to cuff the competition by using unethical business practices.

noun A person who abandons their duty or post, especially in the military

• The deserter was caught and sentenced to prison for abandoning their post.
• The deserter ran away from the army and now they're in big trouble.
• That deserter is a coward for leaving his comrades behind.
• In the battle against injustice, don't be a deserter and stand firm in your beliefs.

verb to evoke or draw out (a response, answer, or fact) from someone in reaction to one's own actions or questions

• The researcher used specific questions to elicit responses from the participants.
• I tried to elicit information from him, but he wouldn't budge.
• She was able to elicit some juicy gossip from her friends.
• The artist's painting was able to elicit strong emotions from the viewers.

verb to surround or cover something completely with a material or object

• The valuable artifact was encased in a glass display for protection.
• I always encase my phone in a sturdy case to prevent it from breaking.
• She encased her laptop in bubble wrap before packing it in her bag.
• His fear encased him like a thick fog, making it hard to see clearly.

noun a small portable gun, such as a pistol or rifle

• The suspect was found in possession of a loaded firearm.
• I heard that he carries a firearm for protection.
• He's always packing heat, you never know when he'll pull out his firearm.
• Her words were like a loaded firearm, ready to cause damage.

noun the capacity or ability to deliver a large amount of firepower, typically in the form of weapons or ammunition

• The military unit's firepower was unmatched in the region.
• That new tank has some serious firepower!
• Dang, that gun has some crazy firepower!
• Her words had the firepower of a loaded gun, cutting through the tension in the room.

noun a position of defense or criticism

• The soldiers stood in formation on the firing line, ready to receive their orders.
• I heard that John got promoted to the firing line, so he must be doing something right.
• I can't believe I have to go back to the firing line for another shift today.
• As a politician, you have to be prepared to step into the firing line and face criticism from the public.

noun a person or thing that is forced upon someone

preposition used to indicate that something is being imposed or thrust upon someone

• The government should not force upon its citizens any restrictions without proper justification.
• Don't let anyone force upon you something you're not comfortable with.
• I can't believe they're trying to force upon us this new dress code.
• She felt like the weight of the world was being forced upon her shoulders.

noun a structure that gives shape or support to something

verb to falsely incriminate someone by setting them up for a crime they did not commit

• The defense attorney argued that the evidence against his client was a clear frame up by the prosecution.
• I think someone is trying to frame me up for the theft at work.
• Don't worry, we'll figure out who's trying to frame you up.
• The artist carefully chose the perfect frame up for his masterpiece painting.

noun a group of people who associate closely for social or criminal purposes

• The police are working to dismantle the gang responsible for the recent string of robberies.
• I heard that gang hangs out at the abandoned warehouse down the street.
• Those guys are part of a pretty rough gang, watch out for them.
• The gang of negative thoughts in my mind was making it hard to focus on anything positive.

noun the shots fired from a gun or guns

• The police were called to the scene after reports of gunfire were heard.
• I heard some gunfire last night, it was really scary.
• There was a lot of gunfire going on, it was intense.
• His words felt like gunfire, piercing through my heart.

noun a person who operates a gun or is skilled in the use of guns

• The gunner on the ship was responsible for operating the artillery.
• The gunner showed off his shooting skills at the range.
• That guy thinks he's a real gunner, always talking about his weapons collection.
• She's a real gunner when it comes to closing deals in the business world.

verb to prevent from moving or acting normally

• The police used a stun gun to immobilize the suspect.
• I accidentally immobilized my phone by sitting on it.
• He got so scared that he was totally immobilized.
• The fear of failure can immobilize a person's ability to take risks.

verb to deprive of strength or ability; disable

• The new security system is designed to incapacitate any intruders attempting to break in.
• I twisted my ankle and it totally incapacitated me from playing in the basketball game.
• The knockout punch completely incapacitated his opponent in the boxing match.
• The overwhelming stress of the situation seemed to incapacitate her ability to think clearly.

noun a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. In this case, 'judicial process' refers to the legal proceedings or steps involved in a court case.

• The judicial process ensures that all individuals receive a fair trial before being convicted.
• Going through the judicial process can be overwhelming, but it's important to trust the system.
• Man, getting caught up in the judicial process is such a hassle.
• Navigating the judicial process can feel like trying to untangle a knot in a rope.

verb To listen to a conversation without participating or being noticed

adverb In a manner that involves listening to a conversation without participating or being noticed

• Please listen in carefully to the instructions given by the presenter.
• Hey, make sure to listen in on what she's saying, it's important.
• Yo, you gotta listen in on this gossip, it's juicy!
• Sometimes you need to listen in between the lines to truly understand the message.

verb to handle or treat roughly or aggressively

• The security guards were accused of manhandling the suspect during the arrest.
• Don't manhandle the fragile items while moving them.
• I saw him manhandle that bully in the schoolyard.
• The CEO manhandled the company's finances, leading to a significant loss.

noun the skill of shooting a gun or bow accurately

• His marksmanship skills were unparalleled, hitting every target with precision.
• She showed off her impressive marksmanship at the shooting range.
• That dude's marksmanship is on point, he never misses a shot.
• Her marksmanship in negotiation tactics always hits the bullseye.

noun A person who is trained and licensed to perform autopsies and determine the cause of death in cases of suspicious or unexplained circumstances.

• The medical examiner determined the cause of death to be a heart attack.
• The medical examiner said it was a heart attack that killed him.
• The ME figured it was a heart attack that did him in.
• The medical examiner's findings were like a puzzle piece that completed the investigation.

verb to cut down or knock over with a rapid, sweeping motion, typically with a vehicle or weapon

• The farmer used a tractor to mow down the tall grass in the field.
• I watched as the landscaper mowed down the overgrown bushes in the yard.
• The car came out of nowhere and almost mowed me down at the crosswalk.
• The new company policy seemed to mow down any hopes of employees having flexible work hours.

noun A photograph of a person's face, especially one taken for police records.

• The suspect's mug shot was taken at the police station.
• Did you see the mug shot of that guy who got arrested?
• Check out this dude's mug shot, he looks ridiculous!
• Her tired face in the morning could be mistaken for a mug shot.

noun the act of attacking someone in a public place and robbing them

verb to attack someone in a public place and rob them

• The police are investigating a recent mugging that took place downtown.
• I heard there was a mugging in the park last night.
• Did you see that mugging on the news? It was crazy!
• The intense competition felt like a mugging in the business world.

noun a supply or quantity of military weapons and equipment

verb None

adjective None

adverb None

pronoun None

preposition None

conjunction None

interjection None

article None

• The military stockpiled a large amount of ammunition for the upcoming operation.
• Make sure to grab some extra ammo before heading out to the shooting range.
• I heard he's got a whole stash of bullets and munitions in his garage.
• Her sharp wit was her ammunition in any argument.

noun a person who has committed a crime or wrongdoing

• The offender was sentenced to five years in prison for their crimes.
• The police caught the offender red-handed during the robbery.
• That offender is always up to no good.
• The offender's actions cast a dark shadow over the community.

noun a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things

adverb an adverb modifies or qualifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb, indicating the time, manner, place, or degree of an action

preposition a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause

article a determiner that introduces a noun and specifies it as the particular noun that is being considered

• The general ordered the soldiers to move out on the double.
• Hey, can you grab me a coffee on the double?
• We need to bounce from this party on the double.
• Time is running out, we need to finish this project on the double.

adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb, indicating the manner, place, time, or degree of the action

preposition a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause

article a word that is used with a noun to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun

• The security guards are always on the lookout for any suspicious activity.
• Keep your eyes peeled, we need to be on the lookout for any potential danger.
• We gotta stay sharp and be on the lookout for anything fishy going on.
• As a writer, I'm always on the lookout for new inspiration to fuel my creativity.

noun a person who has been released from prison on parole

• The parolee was required to check in regularly with their parole officer.
• The parolee had to report to their parole officer on a regular basis.
• The parolee had to keep in touch with their PO.
• The parolee walked a fine line between freedom and incarceration.

adjective Peaceable is an adjective that describes someone or something that is inclined to peace or peaceful behavior.

• The peaceable resolution of the conflict was a testament to their diplomatic skills.
• He's known for being a peaceable person who always tries to avoid confrontation.
• I can't stand drama, I prefer to keep things peaceable.
• The artist's painting exuded a peaceable atmosphere, with its serene colors and gentle brushstrokes.

noun a prison for people convicted of serious crimes, typically longer-term sentences

adjective relating to or used for punishment and reform of criminals

• He was sentenced to serve time in the penitentiary for his crimes.
• They sent him to the penitentiary for a few years.
• He got locked up in the penitentiary for a while.
• Being trapped in his own guilt was like being in a mental penitentiary.

noun a small firearm designed to be held in one hand

verb not applicable

adjective not applicable

adverb not applicable

pronoun not applicable

preposition not applicable

conjunction not applicable

interjection not applicable

article not applicable

• The police officer drew his pistol to apprehend the suspect.
• I keep a pistol in my nightstand for protection.
• He whipped out his piece, a shiny new pistol.
• Her words were like a loaded pistol, ready to fire at any moment.

noun a building or institution where people are legally held as a punishment for crimes they have committed or while awaiting trial

• The criminal was sentenced to ten years in prison for his actions.
• I heard that Jake's brother is in prison for theft.
• She's been locked up in the slammer for a month now.
• Being stuck in a toxic relationship can feel like being in an emotional prison.

noun a device or substance that prevents damage or injury

• The security guard acted as a protector of the valuable artifacts in the museum.
• My big brother is like my protector, always looking out for me.
• I consider my best friend to be my ride-or-die protector.
• The umbrella served as a protector from the harsh sun rays.

noun a government official or employee

• A public servant is expected to uphold the highest standards of integrity and professionalism in their role.
• Being a public servant means working for the government and serving the community.
• Public servants have to deal with a lot of red tape and bureaucracy in their jobs.
• In a democracy, public servants are like the gears that keep the machinery of government running smoothly.

noun a person who continues to commit crimes, especially repeated or habitual offenders

• The judge imposed a harsher sentence on the recidivist offender.
• That guy is a recidivist, he's always getting into trouble.
• Don't hang out with him, he's a recidivist and will only get you in trouble.
• Her recidivist tendencies towards procrastination are hindering her progress.

noun a type of handgun with a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers for bullets

• The detective found a revolver at the crime scene and immediately secured it for evidence.
• I can't believe he pulled out a revolver during the argument!
• He whipped out his piece, a shiny revolver, and everyone went silent.
• Her words were like a loaded revolver, ready to shoot down anyone who dared to challenge her.

noun a person who is new to a sport, activity, or profession

adjective relating to or characteristic of a rookie

• The rookie officer was eager to learn and make a positive impact in the community.
• The rookie on the team is showing a lot of potential and enthusiasm.
• Don't worry, everyone's a rookie at some point. You'll get the hang of it soon.
• In the world of business, being a rookie means you have a lot to learn but also a lot of room to grow.

noun a person who has run away

adjective having run away or escaped

• The police were called to search for a runaway teenager who had been missing for two days.
• I heard there was a runaway dog in the neighborhood, have you seen it?
• My little brother is a total runaway, always causing trouble and never listening to anyone.
• The idea of starting a new business was like a runaway train, gaining momentum and speed with each passing day.

noun a short, confused fight or struggle

verb to engage in a brief, confused fight or struggle

• The security guards quickly intervened to break up the scuffle between the two protestors.
• I heard there was a scuffle at the bar last night, but I'm not sure what happened.
• Things got heated and a scuffle broke out between the players on the basketball court.
• There was a scuffle of thoughts in her mind as she tried to make a decision.

noun a person skilled in shooting, especially with a rifle or other firearm

• The sharpshooter demonstrated exceptional accuracy during the marksmanship competition.
• That sharpshooter never misses a shot, he's amazing!
• The sharpshooter is a total dead-eye with a gun.
• She's a sharpshooter when it comes to closing deals in business.

noun A person who shoots from a concealed position, especially a military marksman or a professional assassin.

• The sniper took position on the rooftop and patiently waited for the target to appear.
• The sniper was perched up high, keeping an eye out for their mark.
• The sniper was locked and loaded, ready to take the shot.
• She was a sniper when it came to finding the best deals while shopping.

noun a military order to relax from a state of readiness or alert

verb to relax from a state of readiness or alert

• The military commander ordered the troops to stand down after the ceasefire was declared.
• Hey, don't worry about it, just stand down and relax for a bit.
• Dude, just stand down and chill, no need to get all worked up about it.
• She decided to stand down from her position as team captain to focus on her studies.

noun a direct and honest way of speaking or behaving

adjective honest and direct in speech or behavior

• The detective was known for his straight shooting approach to solving cases.
• I appreciate your straight shooting style of giving feedback.
• I like how you always keep it real and do some straight shooting.
• Her straight shooting words cut through the tension in the room.

noun a written order to appear before a court or judge

verb to order someone to come to a place

• The judge issued a summons for the witness to appear in court.
• I got a summons in the mail for jury duty next week.
• I can't believe I got a summons for parking in a no-parking zone.
• The sound of the church bells was like a summons to prayer.

noun the act of observing or monitoring someone or something for a specific purpose, such as security or supervision

• The government implemented surveillance measures to monitor potential security threats.
• I always feel like someone is watching me with all this surveillance around.
• Dude, the surveillance at that party was intense - I couldn't even sneak in a drink!
• Her constant surveillance of her colleagues' actions earned her the nickname 'Big Sister'.

noun sworn statement - a declaration or affirmation made under oath, typically in a legal setting

• The witness provided a sworn statement to the court.
• I had to give a sworn statement about what I saw at the party.
• I didn't want to make a sworn statement, but I had no choice.
• His actions were a sworn statement of his commitment to the cause.

noun A group of individuals working together to accomplish a specific goal or mission.

• The government established a task force to address the issue of cyber security.
• We're putting together a task force to tackle the problem head on.
• Let's assemble a task force to deal with this mess.
• She formed a task force of friends to help her through the difficult time.

noun a path or course laid out for racing, especially one made of a pair of parallel lines of metal, plastic, or wood, with guide grooves for wheels.

verb to search for and find someone or something by following their tracks or other signs they have left behind.

• The detective was able to track down the suspect using advanced surveillance techniques.
• I need to track down that book I lent you last month.
• I'll track down that dude who owes me money and give him a piece of my mind.
• After years of searching, she was finally able to track down the source of her anxiety.

adjective describing someone who is quick to react aggressively or violently

adverb modifying the verb 'happy' to describe how the person is happy in a trigger-happy way

• The soldier was labeled as trigger happy after firing his weapon without proper cause.
• Don't be so trigger happy with that paintball gun, you'll run out of ammo quickly.
• The new recruit is a bit trigger happy, always ready to shoot at the slightest movement.
• Her quick temper makes her seem trigger happy in arguments, always ready to escalate the situation.

adjective describing someone or something that is not carrying a weapon or is not equipped with arms

• The civilian was found to be unarmed during the investigation.
• I heard that the suspect was unarmed when the police arrived.
• The guy was lucky he was unarmed, otherwise things could have gotten messy.
• In the battle of wits, he felt unarmed and unprepared for the debate.

noun a habitual and usually trivial defect or shortcoming

• The vice president oversees the day-to-day operations of the company.
• My friend's vice is eating too much junk food.
• I need to kick this vice of procrastination before it gets out of hand.
• His vice-like grip on the steering wheel showed his determination to win the race.

adjective describing someone who is watchful and alert, especially to avoid danger

• It is important to remain vigilant in monitoring the company's financial transactions.
• Be vigilant when walking alone at night.
• Keep your eyes peeled and stay vigilant for any signs of trouble.
• She was vigilant in guarding her heart against further hurt.

noun A person who keeps watch, especially a guard or sentinel

• The watchman patrolled the premises diligently throughout the night.
• The watchman keeps an eye on things around here.
• Hey, have you seen the watchman making his rounds?
• In a world full of dangers, he acted as a watchman for his family.

noun a thing designed or used for inflicting bodily harm or physical damage

• The police confiscated a dangerous weapon from the suspect.
• He always carries a weapon with him for protection.
• I heard he's packing some serious heat as a weapon.
• Knowledge is a powerful weapon in the fight against ignorance.

noun Black Lives Matter (acronym for a social movement advocating for the rights of Black people)

• The BLM movement aims to address systemic racism and inequality in society.
• I support BLM and their fight for racial justice.
• BLM is all about standing up against racism and discrimination.
• The BLM movement is like a beacon of hope for marginalized communities.

noun A location where a high concentration of enemy forces are targeted for attack or destruction

• The military established a kill zone to effectively neutralize the enemy forces.
• Stay away from that area, it's a kill zone where the enemy is heavily concentrated.
• That street is a total kill zone, we need to find another route.
• The competition in that market is so fierce, it's like being in a business kill zone.

noun a person who is under the protection or care of another

adjective relating to or characteristic of a protectee

• The security detail was assigned to protect the high-profile protectee during the event.
• The bodyguard was keeping an eye on the protectee at all times.
• The protectee was surrounded by his crew to make sure he stayed safe.
• The protectee shielded himself from the harsh criticism with a strong defense.

noun Department of Homeland Security

• The DHS is responsible for ensuring the security of the nation's borders.
• I heard that the DHS is cracking down on illegal immigration.
• The DHS is always on top of things when it comes to homeland security.
• The DHS is like a shield protecting our country from external threats.

noun Kompromat refers to compromising material or information that can be used to blackmail or manipulate someone, especially in a political context.

• The diplomat was concerned about the possibility of kompromat being used against him.
• I heard a rumor that there's some kompromat on the CEO that could be leaked.
• They're trying to dig up some kompromat to use against their opponent in the election.
• The scandal was like a piece of kompromat that tarnished his reputation forever.

noun a type of friendly fire incident in which one military force mistakenly attacks another force that belongs to the same side

adjective describing a situation involving friendly fire incidents between forces on the same side

• The military operation faced a tragic incident of blue-on-blue friendly fire.
• There was a mix-up in communication which led to a blue-on-blue accident during the training exercise.
• I can't believe they had a blue-on-blue incident during the game, it was a total mess.
• The political party faced internal conflict, resulting in a blue-on-blue situation within their ranks.

adjective able to be seized or taken hold of; capable of being confiscated or captured

• The police have the authority to confiscate any seizable assets related to the case.
• If they catch you with seizable items, you're in big trouble.
• Don't mess with them, they'll take all your seizable stuff.
• His talent for storytelling was seizable and captivated the audience.

noun a tough or uncompromising person

adjective tough or uncompromising in behavior or attitude

• The new manager is known to be a hard-ass when it comes to enforcing company policies.
• Don't mess with Coach Johnson, he's a real hard-ass when it comes to discipline.
• My dad can be such a hard-ass about curfew sometimes.
• She may seem like a hard-ass on the outside, but she's actually very caring and compassionate.

noun a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea

• The investigation concluded that there was no-crime committed at the scene.
• Don't worry, there was no-crime involved in the incident.
• They checked the security footage and found out there was no-crime going on.
• His actions may have been questionable, but legally speaking, it was a no-crime situation.

noun a high-security prison designed to house the most dangerous criminals

• The supermax prison is designed to house the most dangerous criminals.
• They sent him to the supermax for his role in the gang.
• He's locked up in the supermax, no chance of getting out anytime soon.
• Living in that small town felt like being in a supermax, with everyone knowing your business.

noun peace

• The protest turned into a breach of the peace when violence erupted.
• The party next door got out of hand and turned into a breach of the peace.
• Things got rowdy at the concert and it turned into a breach of the peace.
• The heated argument between the siblings was like a breach of the peace in the household.

noun a period of time when a person is serving full-time in the military or other organization

adjective describing someone who is currently serving in the military or other organization on a full-time basis

• He was called to active duty and had to leave his civilian job to serve in the military.
• My brother is on active duty overseas and won't be able to make it home for the holidays.
• I can't hang out tonight, I'm on active duty at work until late.
• As a teacher, she is always on active duty, constantly looking out for her students' well-being.

noun a period of time spent serving in the military or in a particular profession

adjective describing someone or something that is currently in service or operational

• The soldier has been called back to active service.
• The soldier is back on duty.
• The soldier is back in the field.
• The employee is back in the game after being on active service for a year.

noun a written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court

• The witness had to sign an affidavit before testifying in court.
• I had to fill out this affidavit about what I saw at the accident.
• I ain't signing that affidavit, no way.
• His actions were like signing an affidavit of his guilt.